{"id":4641,"date":"2024-02-23T09:30:24","date_gmt":"2024-02-23T01:30:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/?p=4641"},"modified":"2024-02-23T20:55:58","modified_gmt":"2024-02-23T12:55:58","slug":"how-does-the-epa-monitor-water-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/how-does-the-epa-monitor-water-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"epa gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"

“B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eebng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t.”<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h1>\n

\nCh\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i th\u1ee7y sinh v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung. C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (EPA) \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m s\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3, su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c. EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc, EPA c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 vi\u1ec5n th\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec5n th\u00e1m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea3o n\u1edf hoa. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i th\u1ee7y sinh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

\"alt-874\"<\/p>\n

EPA c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap EPA \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y sinh. EPA th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

EPA c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bao ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng nhau, EPA v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, EPA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, EPA \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau, EPA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, EPA gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eebng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t.” C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c EPA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i th\u1ee7y sinh v\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1182,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"2.12.0","language":"vi","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","ru","pt","ar","ja","ko","it","id","hi","th","vi","tr"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ar":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ko":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"th":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"vi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4641"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4641"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4641\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1182"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chimaytech.net\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}